In this post, we will take the next step and that is uploading (to Walrus) and registering a machine image (EMI) with Eucalyptus. Once we have registered the image, we can then run instances of this image using either Amazon EC2 API or Euca2ools.

Eucalyptus Machine Image

A machine image, or more specifically, a Eucalyptus Machine Image (EMI) is a template, stored in Walrus, that can be used to create and run instances. A EMI is a combination of:

• a kernel image,
• a ramdisk image, and
• one or more virtual hard disk image

The kernel image is more specifically referred to as Eucalyptus Kernel Image (EKI) and the ramdisk image is referred to as Eucalyptus Ramdisk Image (ERI).

Each of the images – EKI, ERI, and EMI – have associated xml files containing meta-data about the corresponding images respectively.

The EKIs, ERIs, and EMIs are stored in Walrus and can be referenced by a identifier, Image ID.

Now that we have some background information on EMI’s, let’s get started.

Download Eucalyptus Certified Image

Start by opening a browser and connecting to https://<front-end-ip-address>:8443. In my case, the front-end is 192.168.0.114 (see this post).

Log in with your admin user and password.

Next, click on the Extras tab. And download one of the “Eucalyptus-certified Images”. I picked the CentOS 5.3 i386 image (euca-centos-5.3-i386.tar.gz). I downloaded it on my front-end machine for now.

For the rest of this document, I’ll be referring to the CentOS 5.3 i386 image. Feel free to replace this with the image you downloaded as you proceed through this post.

Once you un-tar the file, you should see a directory structure similar to the following:

where in my case,
centos.5-3.x86.img – is the root disk image
kvm-kernel – directory containing kvm-based kernel and ramdisk (vmlinuz-2.6.28-11-server and initrd.img-2.6.28-11-server)
xen-kernel – directory containing xen-based kernel and ramdisk (vmlinuz-2.6.24-19-xen and initrd.img-2.6.24-19-xen)

Now we can bundle the kernel, ramdisk, and hard disk image, upload it to walrus and register each of them respectively. But before we do this, I’m going to take a small detour.

Detour: Resizing the disk image

Notice in the directory listing of euca-centos-5.3-i386, the size of the centos.5-3.x86.img is only 1 GB. If you bundle, upload and register an EMI out of this image, your instance will have only a 1 GB root partition. Which is fairly small if you plan on installing software on a running instance. For instance, if you try to install Sun Java on it, the installation will fail due to lack of space.

Hence this is a good time to increase the size from 1GB to say, 4GB.

Note: Feel free to skip this step and proceed with the bundling, uploading, and registering of the images.

To re-size the image, let’s start by creating a clean image file, new_centos.5-3.x86.img of size 4GB. We can do this using the dd command.

dd if=/dev/zero of=new_centos.5-3.x86.img bs=1M count-4096

where,
if – source. In this case, we are reading a stream of zeroes from (/dev/zero) device.
of – target. Our new image file (new_centos.5-3.x86.img). The stream of zeroes are copied to this file.
bs – read and write in blocks of 1M
count – copy 4GB of blocks

The above command may take a few minutes to complete. You see output similar to this when done:

Next, associate loop devices with each of the original (centos.5-3.x86.img) and new (new_centos.5-3.x86.img) image files. Make sure that the loop devices that you are going to use are free. You can check the next available loop device using the losetup -f command. In my case, I have /dev/loop1 and /dev/loop2 available.

losetup /dev/loop1 centos.5-3.x86.img
losetup /dev/loop2 new_centos.5-3.x86.img

Confirm the status of the loop devices

losetup /dev/loop1
losetup /dev/loop2

Next, create a ext3 file system on the new image (in our case, associated with loop device /dev/loop2) as follows:

mke2fs -j /dev/loop2

Let’s create a couple of directories that will serve as temporary mount points for our image files. And then mount the images onto those temporary directories

mkdir orig
mkdir new

mount /dev/loop1 orig
mount /dev/loop2 new

Check the list of mounts by running the mount command without any arguments. You should see the above mount points in the listing. Something similar to the following:

Also, you can list the contents of the orig (original image) directory. You should see an entire linux file system.

We can now copy the contents of the original (centos.5-3.x86.img) image to the new image new_centos.5-3.x86.img) as follows:

(cd old; tar zcf - .) | (cd new; tar zxf -)

The above command will take a few minutes to complete. Once it is done you can list the contents of the new (new image) directory to confirm the copy worked ok.

Great we now have a new, bigger image new_centos.5-3.x86.img that we can now bundle, upload and register with Eucalyptus.

Before you proceed, make sure you clean up by un-mounting the images and detaching them from the loop devices

umount /dev/loop1
umount /dev/loop2

losetup -d /dev/loop1
losetup -d /dev/loop2

Bundle, Upload, Register

Now would be a good time to install Euca2ools if you haven’t done so already.

There are 3 steps to making an EMI available:

1. Bundling
2. Uploading
3. Registering

And since an EMI is made up for a kernel image, a ramdisk image and a hard disk image, we need to perform the above 3 steps on each of the kernel, ramdisk and hard disk image.

Eucalyptus Kernel Image

First, we bundle the kernel image using Euca2ools euca-bundle-image command as follows:

euca-bundle-image -i xen-kernel/vmlinuz-2.6.24-19-xen --kernel true --arch i386

where,
xen-kernel/vmlinuz-2.6.24-19-xen – is the path to the kernel image
i386 – is the architecture. In our case, 32-bit architecture
The other argument –kernel true tells the euca-bundle-image that this is a kernel image.

The above command packages the kernel image and generates a manifest.xml file under /tmp directory.

We will pass the full path to the manifest file as an argument to euca-upload-image to upload the image to Walrus:

euca-upload-bundle -b kernel-bucket -m /tmp/vmlinuz-2.6.24-19-xen.manifest.xml

where,
kernel-bucket – is the name of the bucket that the image (kernel image) will be stored under.
/tmp/vmlinuz-2.6.24-19-xen.manifest.xml – is the manifest.xml that was generated by the euca-bundle-image command

As you can see from the output, the kernel image was uploaded to kernel-bucket in Walrus. Note that you could replace kernel-bucket with a name of your choice.

Once we have uploaded the image, we need to register it so that it is available for use. We can do this using the euca-register command:

euca-register kernel-bucket/vmlinuz-2.6.24-19-xen.manifest.xml

where,
kernel-bucket/vmlinuz-2.6.24-19-xen.manifest.xml – is the path to the kernel image in walrus

The output of the euca-register command is an image id. We can use this image id when we bundle up the hard disk image or when we create an instance from a Eucalyptus machine image. The prefix of “eki” implies that the image is a kernel image, more specifically a Eucalyptus Kernel Image (EKI).

Verify that the EKI image is available by running euca2ools euca-describe-images command:

euca-describe-images

Eucalyptus Ramdisk Image

Bundle the ramdisk image as follows:

euca-bundle-image -i xen-kernel/initrd.img-2.6.24-19-xen --ramdisk true --arch i386

where,
xen-kernel/initrd.img-2.6.24-19-xen – is the path to the ramdisk image
i386 – is the architecture. In our case, 32-bit architecture
The other argument –ramdisk true specifies that this is a ramdisk image.

The above command packages the ramdisk image and generates a manifest.xml file in the /tmp directory.

Next, we pass the path to the manifest.xml file as an argument to the euca-upload-bundle command to upload the image to Walrus.

euca-upload-bundle -b ramdisk-bucket -m /tmp/initrd.img-2.6.24-19-xen.manifest.xml

where,
ramdisk-bucket – is the name of the bucket that the ramdisk image will be stored under.
/tmp/initrd.img-2.6.24-19-xen.manifest.xml – is the manifest.xml that was generated in the previous step

Next we register the image as follows:

euca-register ramdisk-bucket/initrd.img-2.6.24-19-xen.manifest.xml

The output of the above euca_register command is an image id. Again, we can use this image id when we bundle up the hard disk image or when we create an instance from a Eucalyptus machine image. The prefix “eri” implies that the image is a ramdisk image, more specifically a Eucalyptus Ramdisk Image (ERI).

Run the describe images command to verify that the ramdisk image is available:

euca-describe-images

Finally we are ready to create the Eucalyptus Machine Image.

Eucalyptus Machine Image

We will use the hard disk image – new_centos.5-3.x86.img – we created in the section “Resizing the disk image“. If you skipped the “resize” section, you could use the base image – centos.5-3.x86.img – provided in the download.

Let’s get started with first bundling the hard disk image as follows:

euca-bundle-image -i new_centos.5-3.x86.img --kernel eki-90461381 --ramdisk eri-E85914C7

where,
new_centos.5-3.x86.img – is the path to the hard disk image

The other two arguments to the above command are the Eucalyptus Kernel Image (EKI) id and the Eucalyptus Ramdisk Image (ERI) id. In this case, eki-90461381 and eri-E85914C7 which we obtained when registering the kernel and ramdisk image respectively.

As expected, the above command packages the disk image and generates a manifest.xml file in the /tmp directory.

Next, we upload the disk image to Walrus passing in the manifest.xml file path obtained from the previous command as follows:

euca-upload-bundle -b image-bucket -m /tmp/new_centos.5-3.x86.img.manifest.xml

where,
image-bucket – is the name of the bucket that the disk image will be stored under.
/tmp/new_centos.5-3.x86.img.manifest.xml – is the manifest.xml that was generated in the previous euca-bundle-image step

Finally, we register the image as follows:

euca-register image-bucket/new_centos.5-3.x86.img.manifest.xml

A quick euca-describe-images reveals the EMI that is available for use:

In the next post, we will look into creating instances of the EMI that we just registered.

“If you cannot measure it, you cannot manage it“ 

This applies to all aspects of your personal and professional life.